Which type of approach is used in expectancy theory to predict employee behavior?

Expectancy theory is primarily concerned with how individuals prioritize their behaviors based on expected outcomes. It posits that individuals are motivated to act in a certain way based on the belief that their effort will lead to performance, which in turn will result in desired outcomes such as rewards or recognitions. This belief forms the foundation of the theory, emphasizing that if employees believe their efforts will lead to effective performance and that this performance will result in meaningful rewards, they are more likely to be motivated to work hard.

The other options do not capture the essence of expectancy theory. For instance, while perceived fairness in pay may influence motivation, it is not the main focus of expectancy theory. Additionally, the assumption that all employees are motivated by the same factors contradicts the personalized nature of motivation in expectancy theory, which recognizes that different individuals may have different expectations and desired outcomes. The focus on developing organizational culture pertains more to the broader context of employee engagement rather than to the predictive aspect of employee behavior as outlined in expectancy theory.